Exploring the Depths of Self-Interest: A Philosophical Inquiry into Human Nature and Morality
In the unique setting of a kitchen at a friend's party, we find ourselves wrestling with one of philosophy's most enduring debates: the question of human selfishness. Through the lens of this seemingly trivial decision—whether to take the last cupcake—we are introduced to a rich tapestry of philosophical thought, from Utilitarianism to Kant's moral imperatives. This exploration serves as a gateway into a deeper examination of whether our actions are driven by inherent self-interest or a more complex interplay of moral and altruistic motivations.
Key Vocabulary:
1. Conundrum (noun)
- Definition: A confusing and difficult problem or question.
- Synonym: Puzzle
2. Philosophers (noun)
- Definition: People who study or write about the meaning of life.
- Synonym: Thinkers
3. Utilitarian (adjective)
- Definition: Designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive.
- Synonym: Practical
4. Virtues (noun)
- Definition: Behaviour showing high moral standards.
- Synonym: Goodness
5. Generosity (noun)
- Definition: The quality of being kind and generous.
- Synonym: Kindness
6. Justice (noun)
- Definition: Just behaviour or treatment.
- Synonym: Fairness
7. Selfish (adjective)
- Definition: Concerned excessively or exclusively with oneself.
- Synonym: Self-centered
8. Psychological egoism (noun phrase)
- Definition: The theory that people always act in their own self-interest.
- Synonym: Self-interest theory
9. Sacrificing (verb)
- Definition: Giving up something valued for the sake of other considerations.
- Synonym: Forgoing
10. Altruistic (adjective)
- Definition: Showing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
- Synonym: Unselfish
11. Self-love (noun)
- Definition: Regard for one's own well-being and happiness.
- Synonym: Self-esteem
12. Recognition (noun)
- Definition: Acknowledgment of something's existence, validity, or legality.
- Synonym: Acknowledgment
13. Disparities (noun)
- Definition: A great difference.
- Synonym: Inequalities
14. Social beings (noun phrase)
- Definition: Creatures that seek the company and community of others.
- Synonym: Sociable creatures
15. Selfishness (noun)
- Definition: The quality of being selfish.
- Synonym: Self-absorption
These key words and phrases offer a glimpse into the complex philosophical discussions about human nature, morality, and the balance between self-interest and altruism, enriching our vocabulary and understanding of these profound themes.
10 Engaging Conversation Questions:
1. Do you agree with the concept of psychological egoism, that humans only act out of self-interest? Why or why not?
2. How do you interpret Aristotle's view on virtues of generosity and justice in everyday life?
3. Can you think of an example where someone sacrificed their own interests for the sake of others? What motivated them?
4. How does the idea of self-love differ from selfishness in your understanding?
5. What role do you think recognition and social status play in our actions and decisions?
6. Reflecting on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's two kinds of self-love, how do you see "amour propre" influencing behaviour in modern society?
7. In what ways do you think we can overcome our inherent selfishness, as suggested by philosophers like Kant and Murdoch?
8. How important do you believe it is to cultivate emotions like pity and sympathy to understand others' needs?
9. What are your thoughts on Iris Murdoch's concept of love as "the extremely difficult realization that something other than oneself is real"?
10. Considering Murdoch's view on directing attention beyond the self, what activities do you think could help achieve this?
These questions are designed to stimulate thought-provoking conversations among B2 level English learners, encouraging them to delve deeper into philosophical concepts and their application in everyday life, while also practicing their language skills.